University Press. Rutherford‚ W. 1987. Second Language Grammar: Teaching and learning. London: Longman. Swain‚ M. 1995. Three functions of output in second language learning. In G. Cook and B. Seidlhofer (eds) Principles and Practice in Applied Linguistics: Papers in honour of H. G. Widdowson. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 39
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lingual conditions in which children are raised to be able to speak two languages equally well should be also taken into consideration. Many linguists underline that while introducing the second language to learner‚ his/her exposure to a given linguistic system is crucial. Thusly‚ parents striving for teaching their children a secod language/a non-native language often rely on commercial language materials such as books‚ videos‚ television programs‚ etc. Nevertheless‚ researchers (Kendall King and
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complex communication. The scientific study of language in any of its senses is called linguistics. Linguistic theory has traditionally considered native speakers as the only reliable source of linguistic data (Chomsky 1965). It is therefore not surprising to find only a limited number of works focusing on non-native speakers prior to the 1990s. The first attempt to put‘(non)nativism’ onto the centre stage of linguistic inquiry by challenging current undisputed assumptions on the matter was Paikeday’s
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Cohesion in English. London: Longman. Hill‚ J. 2000. Revising priorities: From grammatical failure to collocational success. In: M. Lewis. (Eds.)‚ Teaching collocation. Hove: Language Teaching Publications‚ 47-70. Lado‚R. 1957. Linguistics Across Cultures: Applied Linguistics for Language Teachers. Ann Arbor‚ Michigan: University of Michigan. Mackin‚ R. 1978. On collocations: Words shall be known by the company they keep. In: Strevens. (Ed.)‚ In Honour of A. S. Hornby .Oxford: Oxford University Press
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first is represented by a large group of phoneticians: H. Sweet‚ D. Jones‚ G. Palmer‚ L. Armstrong‚ I. Ward‚ R. Kingdon‚ J. O’Connor‚ A. Gimson and others. It is traditional and widely used. According to this approach the smallest unit to which linguistic meaning can be attached is a tone-group (sense-group). Their theory is based on the assumption that intonation consists of basic functional "blocks". They pay much attention to these "blocks" but not to the way they are connected. Intonation is
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In S. Gass & J. Schachter (Eds.)‚ Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition (pp. 41-68). New York: Cambridge University Press. Carroll‚ S. (1996). The irrelevance of verbal feedback to language learning. In L. Eubank‚ L. Selinker & M. Sharwood Smith (Eds.)‚ The current state of interlanguage (pp. 73-88). Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Carroll‚ S.‚ & Swain‚ M. (1993). Explicit and implicit negative feedback: An empirical study of the learning of linguistic generalizations. Studies in Second
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ERROR ANALYSIS Error analysis emerged with the growing criticism of constrictive analysis. It was S.P Corder who first advocated in ELT and Applied linguistics community the importance of errors in language learning process. Corder (1967) mentions the paradigm shift in linguistics from a behaviouristic view of language to a more rationalistic view and claims that in language teaching‚ one noticeable effect is to shift the emphasis away from teaching towards study of learning. Corder further
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controlled by external factors‚ and the learner is viewed as a passive medium. They ignore the internal processing that takes place in learner’s mind. Input consists of: ▫ stimuli – with stimuli‚ the person speaking to the learner models specific linguistic forms which the learner internalizes by imitating them ▫ feedback – it takes the form of positive reinforcement or correction. The possibility of shaping L2 acquisition by manipulating input to provide appropriate stimuli and adequate feedback
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English from the University of Lucknow in India. My fields of interests are linguistics and literary theories. I want to take them up as my areas of research studies. FLTA grant would broaden my knowledge of the linguistic and literary sciences. It will be a great asset towards my field of studies. While in my tenure in the grant I will be assisting as a teacher of Hindi to the students of a different mother tongue‚ the linguistic behavior of the students‚ the way in which a person acquires a foreign
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language treat other speakers of varieties considered to be ‘low’ or ‘bad’. The film addresses linguistic and cultural issues such as language change‚ regional and social variation and prescriptivists’ and descriptivists’ attitudes toward such variations of language and issues of language and identity and socio-economic status associated with these phenomena. It brings to the fore attitudes towards linguistic variation in England and around the world and highlights prescriptivists’ perspectives about
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