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Submitted by oppapers on January 23, 2000
Category: History Other
Words: 872 | Pages: 4
Views: 330
Popularity Rank: 32,165
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The Roman Empire, founded by
Augustus Caesar in 27 B.C. and lasting in Western Europe
for 500 years, reorganized for world politics and economics.
Almost the entirety of the civilized world became a single
centralized state. In place of Greek democracy, piety, and
independence came Roman authoritarianism and practicality.
Vast prosperity resulted. Europe and the Mediterranean
bloomed with trading cities ten times the size of their
predecessors with public amenities previously unheard of
courts, theaters, circuses, and public baths. And these were
now large permanent masonry buildings as were the
habitations, tall apartment houses covering whole city
blocks. This architectural revolution brought about by the
Romans required two innovations: the invention of a new
building method called concrete vaulting and the organization
of labor and capital on a large scale so that huge projects
could be executed quickly after the plans of a single master
architect. Roman concrete was a fluid mixture of lime and
small stones poured into the hollow centers of walls faced
with brick or stone and over curved wooden molds, or
forms, to span spaces as vaults. The Mediterranean is an
active volcanic region, and a spongy, light, tightly adhering
stone called pozzolana was used to produce a concrete that
was both light and extremely strong. The Romans had
developed potsalana concrete about 100 B.C. but at first
used it only for terrace walls and foundations. It apparently
was emperor Nero who first used the material on a grand
scale to rebuild a region of the city of Rome around his
palace, the expansive Domus Aurea, after the great fire of
AD 64 which he said to have set. Here broad streets,
regular blocks of masonry apartment houses, and continuous
colonnaded porticoes...
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