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NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. Napoleon was one of the most important figures in European history. ...
In 1769, Napoleon Bonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica. ...
napoleon bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte was born in 1769, as a citizen to the
Mediterranean island of Corsica. ... Napoleon led an expedition to ? Egypt. ...
Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon Bonaparte I loved power and usually had plenty of it.
Napoleon's path with power was very rough and bumpy. ... Napoleon. ...
napoleon. Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica in 1769. ... Napoleon was sent to
France in 1777 to study at the Royal Military School in Brienne. ...
Napoleon 2. During rough times in France in the late 1700’s, an anarchy was being
formed. ... At this time, General Napoleon Bonaparte took an opportunity. ...
Submitted by jbigguy on April 11, 2005
Category: History Other
Words: 9394 | Pages: 38
Views: 458
Popularity Rank: 20,055
Average Member Grade: N/A (Add a Comment / Grade this Paper)
A COGNITIVE-SYSTEMIC RECONSTRUCTION OF
MASLOW'S THEORY OF SELF-ACTUALIZATION
by Francis Heylighen1
PESP, Free University of Brussels, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
Maslow's need hierarchy and model of the self-actualizing personality
are reviewed and criticized. The definition of self-actualization
is found to be confusing, and the gratification of all needs is concluded
to be insufficient to explain self-actualization. Therefore the
theory is reconstructed on the basis of a second-order, cognitive-systemic
framework. A hierarchy of basic needs is derived from the urgency
of perturbations which an autonomous system must compensate
in order to maintain its identity. It comprises the needs for homeostasis,
safety, protection, feedback and exploration. Self-actualization is
redefined as the perceived competence to satisfy these basic needs in
due time. This competence has three components: material, cognitive
and subjective. Material and/or cognitive incompetence during childhood
create subjective incompetence, which in turn inhibits the further
development of cognitive competence, and thus of self-actualization.
KEY WORDS: humanistic psychology, self-actualization, competence, cognition, autonomous systems, human
motivation, problem-solving.
TYPE OF ARTICLE: nonquantitative theory
DIMENSIONS AND UNITS: none
~
INTRODUCTION enced by behaviorism, which tends to reduce
human behavior to statistical correlations
between different kinds of stimuli,
responses and personality traits. Instead of
merely modelling normal behavior or of
curing clear dysfunctions, a humanistic
psychologist tries to help people to develop
in a better way, thus making them more
competent, more aware, more happy, in the
hope of reaching some state of "optimal"
...
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