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George Mason There were three principal meetings that led to the adoption of the Constitution of the United States, and only two Virginians attended all three. The
George Mason George Mason's greatest accomplishment was being the founding father of the national Bill of Rights. He was a planter from Virginia, had grown up rich
george mason George Mason Profile George Mason was born on December 11, 1725, at the Mason family plantation in Fairfax County, Virginia. His father died in 1735
Mason Outline Masons * Physical Aspects * Masons are a worldwide fraternal organization also known as the Freemasons or Masonics. While many people see it as religious
Biddy Mason Bridget Biddy Mason Bridget "Biddy" Mason was born on August 15, 1818 as a slave to Robert Marion Smith and Rebecca Crosby Smith in Hancock, Georgia.
Submitted by noseg99 on March 20, 2007
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African-American Educators and IQ Testing in the 1920,s and '30's
By Alan Stoskopf
(EDITOR"S NOTE: The footnotes in this article are hot-linked. Click the numeral to go directly to the footnote information. Click the numeral on the footnote to return to the text.)
It was not until I was long out of school and indeed after the (first)World War that there came the hurried use of the new technique of psychological[IQ] tests, which were quickly adjusted so as to put black folk absolutely beyond the possibility of civilization.
-- W. E. B. Du Bois, 1940 1
The words of W. E. B. Du Bois still haunt us. We are now experiencing another onslaught and "hurried use" of tests in our schools. How African-American educators fought against their uses in the past has important implications for today's resistance to "high-stakes" testing.
We have grown accustomed to the constant refrain of schools needing to institute "world class standards" and be held accountable through externally based, high-stakes exams. Research and experience demonstrate that this version of "education reform" will negatively impact all students, especially students of color from lower income backgrounds. We also know that the best assessments originate in the classroom and are an ongoing part of a student's reflection of her or his progress. Few people realize that current critiques of testing and the calls for more authentic forms of assessment have been built in part upon the pioneering work of African-American intellectuals in the 1920s and 1930s.
An appreciation of what these educators did begins with race. The underside to the "Roaring '20s" was its violent racism and xenophobia. Jim Crow ruled. In the South an apartheid-like caste system enveloped daily life. In the North, African Americans faced discrimination in housing, employment, the courts, and schools. The Ku Klux Klan reached its peak of popularity and claimed members in most states....
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