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Logical Fallacies
December 1, 2005
A logical fallacy is an error in logical which is independent of the truth of the premises. It is a flaw in the structure of an argument as opposed to an error in its premises. When there is a fallacy in an argument it is said to be invalid. The presence of a logical fallacy in an argument does not necessarily imply anything about the argument's premises or its conclusion. Both may actually be true, but the argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises using the inference principles of the argument. By extension, an argument can have a logical fallacy even if the argument is not a purely logical one; for instance an argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to have a logical fallacy.
Recognizing fallacies in practical arguments may be difficult since arguments are often structured using rhetorical patterns that obscure the logical connections between assertions. Having the capability of recognizing logical fallacies in arguments will hopefully reduce the likelihood of such an occurrence.
1) Argumentum ad hominem (Argument against the person)
The Latin name of this fallacy means "argument against the person." In this type of argument the arguer is making a personal attack on the opponent in order to persuade the listener to reject the opponent's thesis. The personal attack can take the form of an abusive attack on the character of the opponent, such as that he can't control his emotions or desires, (an abusive ad hominem), or an attack that presents some negative circumstances regarding the opponent, such as that he did not attend the best law school, (a circumstantial ad hominem). Since such matters are usually completely irrelevant to the conclusion, the argument is a non sequitur.
This argument has the structure:
1. Person A proposes X.
2....
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