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Flhd Notes

Principles of Development

Cephalocaudal (top to bottom)
- Head= ¼ length at birth
- Head- 1/8 length as an adult


 Proximodistal – midpoint to extremitites
 Most children follow similar developmental patterns
 Individual rates of growth and development
 Rates of development are not uniform among developmental domains of individual children

Physical Growth in First Two Years
 Most notable time for physical changes
 In each of the first 12 months they grow almost an inch (20 in. – 30in.)
 In 1st year birth weight usually doubles by 4 months and usually triples by 1 year ( 7 – 22lbs.)
 head-sparing— biological protection of the brain when malnutrition temporarily affects the body growth

Survival Reflexes
 Breathing – maintain oxygen supply
 Rooting, sucking, and swallowing – manage feeding
 Eyeblink
 Crying and kicking – maintain body temperature
Primitive Reflexes
 Grasping - Disappears at around 4th month
 Moro – Startle reflex. Throws arms out and then inward (embracing). Disappears around 5th month.
 Babinski - Toes fan outward, and then curl. Disappears around end of 1st year.

Gross Motor Skills
-Involve large muscles and body movements
- crawling, walking, running
- Cephlocaudal development

Fine Motor Skills
Small, finely tuned movements such as finger dexterity
 Proximal development
successful grabbing (6 months)
fingering, pointing, and holding
grasping a moving object
transferring objects from hand to hand
adjusting reach

Sensory and Perceptual Capacities

 All senses function at birth
 Sensation = the response of sensory system when it detects stimulus
 Begins with outer organ—nose eyes etc.
 Perception = mental procession of sensory info. When brain interprets sensation
 Begins in the brain and requires...