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does socialization matter? Psychological Review Select Article July 1995 Vol. 102, No. 3, 458-489 ? 1995 by the American Psychological Association For personal use
way in which humans learn values and norms in their particular culture. No matter what culture someone belongs in, socialization is critical to their life and the
as a little boy in a trailer far away from the depths of socialization? Once upon a time there was this boy, and this boy had a friend. No matter how hard times got
the lessons that are learned are very different, but the same agents influence our socialization no matter where we come from. References Canada, G. 1995. Fist Stick
that are socialized throughout their lives. Processes of Socialization: There are several ways in which children (and adults for that matter) are socialized. ?X Trial
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Psychological
Review
Select Article
July 1995 Vol. 102, No. 3, 458-489
© 1995 by the American Psychological Association
For personal use onlynot for distribution
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Where Is the Child's Environment? A Group Socialization Theory of Development
Judith Rich Harris
Middletown, New Jersey
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Abstract
Do parents have any important long-term effects on the development of their child's personality? This article examines the evidence and concludes that the answer is no. A new theory of development is proposed: that socialization is context-specific and that outside-the-home socialization takes place in the peer groups of childhood and adolescence. Intra- and intergroup processes, not dyadic relationships, are responsible for the transmission of culture and for environmental modification of children's personality characteristics. The universality of children's groups explains why development is not derailed by the wide variations in parental behavior found within and between societies.
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In 1983, after many dozens of pages spent reviewing the literature on the effects parents have on children, Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin paused for a critical overview of the field of socialization research. They questioned the size and robustness of the effects they had just summarized; they wondered whether the number of significant correlations was greater than that expected by chance. They cited other research indicating that biological or adoptive siblings do not develop similar personalities as a result of being reared in the same household. This was their conclusion:
These findings imply strongly that there is very little impact of the physical environment that parents provide for children and very...
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