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Thomas Madden: The New Concise History Of The Crusades. Thomas Madden’s Crusades
is an exposition of the crusades, which occurred during the Middle Ages. ...
A Concise History of the Crusades. Justin Charles Laffer History 115-W
The history of the Crusades in Europe and the Middle East ...
... He is the author of Enrico Dandolo and the Rise of Venice, A Concise History of
the Crusades, The Crusades: The Essential Readings, and coauthor of The Fourth ...
... Besides the Crusades, whose only goal was to ... to revelation, best expressed by
Tertullian's concise assertion: Credo ... prefiguring the sense of history--a history ...
... the use of force." In recent history numerous conflicts ... the situation of the Christian
Crusades, Muslims called ... Chicago, IL.: 1991 "Concise Encyclopedia of Islam ...
Submitted by heliosdr on February 4, 2008
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Justin Charles Laffer
History 115-W
The history of the Crusades in Europe and the Middle East must first be linked first and foremost to the feudal nature of medieval Europe. Due to the splintered and divisive nature of kingdoms and principalities, the sense of European and Christian identity was severely compromised. The Popes and the Catholic Church were the only force that could both unite Europe under a singular focus and help combat the rise of the Byzantine Empire and the Turks.
The notion of political unity under Church can be directly traced to the foreign policy of Leo IX and Gregory VII and the policy established by the Monks of Cluny that dramatically increased the power of the Pope over all Christian nations. For most of the existence of the Christian church, there has been a nearly constant stream of pilgrims to the Holy Land, and undoubtedly the continued veneration of the sacred city was a motivating factor for Christian unification.
The rise of the Seljuk Turks and their harassment of pilgrims and their threatening of the Byzantine Empire contributed greatly to the establishment of the first Crusade and more importantly perhaps, a Crusader tradition. Pope Urban II took over for Pope Gregory VII and utilized Gregory's communication with Constantinople's Emperor Michael VII to help fuel a religious unity in Europe. On the 27th of November 1095, Pope Urban II gave his infamous speech at Clermont which incited much of the population of Europe. The first wave of the first crusade was led by Peter the Hermit in 1096 and it consisted mainly of peasants. On their way to Constantinople, they attacked many Jewish communities. No doubt enraged with religious fervor, the unorganized hoards under Peter the Hermit reached Constantinople only to be ferried across the Bosporus by a nervous emperor, Alexius Comnenus. In Asia Minor the first crusaders pillaged and plundered but were annihilated by the Turks. The second wave of the first...
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