Cause
• Underlying cause of history of slavery, emancipation, segregation/ Jim Crow laws.
• Long term cause of growing Black Civil Rights movement building momentum and raising awareness of issue. Previous Black Civil rights campaigns that inspired and sparked e.g. Events such as Montgomery Bus Boycott which gave MLKing his first big leadership role. Also Freedom Riders, Brown VS board of Ed.
• Birmingham was one of the worst segregated big cities in the USA
• History of harsh and violent segregation and mistreatment of black citizens, KKK support and membership, epicentre of racism in the South
• Government officials pro-segregation
• SCLC- King’s group
• NAACP was banned
• Eg. Bull Connor and …..
• The failure of Albany- lack of publicity.
• Event
• Police violence
• Dog attacks
• High pressure hoses
• Arrests.
• By-standers violence
• Children’s Crusade (primary and secondary)
• Martin Luther King being arrested
• Letter from Birmingham Jail
• “Project C” = direct action and provocation
• Non-violent provocations o sit ins at White Churches, marches, boycotts, lunch counters etc.
• Use of children to fuel protest
Consequence
• Publicity
• National/International sympathy
• White backlash – o Sixteenth St Baptist Church bombing killing 4 girls o Hotel bombed where Martin Luther King Jr and SCLC had stayed o Martin Luther King Jr’s brother Alfred’s house bombed
• Riots
• March on Washington
• Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Governor Wallace sent State Troops to stop desegregation of schools and in response Present Kennedy sent Federal Troops.
• Martin Luther King’s reputation (“I have a dream” speech). Nobel Peace prize 1964.
• Positives: o “Jim Crow” laws taken down desegregating public facilities eg Lunch counters, drinking fountains etc o Allowed Black employment o More rights for Black citizens
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